EnergyFuture of coal in Australia riskier than renewables

Coal-fired electricity may have little or no economic future in Australia, even if carbon capture and storage becomes commercially available, a new analysis has found.

University of New South Wales (UNSW) researchers modeled a range of fossil fuel scenarios with carbon capture and storage, and then compared them with a 100 percent renewable electricity scenario based on commercially available wind, solar, and biomass technologies.

They used hourly electricity demand and solar and wind data from 2010 to determine the appropriate technology mixes for each scenario that would balance electricity demand and supply to achieve the same reliability as the existing Australian National Electricity Market.

A UNSW release reports that government estimates of the prices for different generation technologies and fuels in 2030 were used in the analysis, along with a wide range of possible future carbon prices and carbon capture and storage prices.

The results show that coal with carbon capture and storage scenarios are likely to struggle to compete economically with 100 percent renewable electricity in a climate-constrained world, even if carbon capture and storage is commercialized by 2030.

The researchers also compared gas-fired power stations using carbon capture and storage against 100 per cent renewable electricity. While this gas generation scenario could potentially be competitive at current gas prices, the study showed this would not be the case if domestic gas prices reached export parity. Currently gas prices are increasing substantially.

The UNSW team includes Ben Elliston, a Ph.D. candidate in the School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, and his supervisors — Associate Professor Iain MacGill, of the Center for Energy and Environmental Markets, and Associate Professor Mark Diesendorf, of the Institute of Environmental Studies.

“The research confirms that policies pursuing very high penetrations of renewable electricity, based on commercially available technologies, offer a reliable, affordable and low risk way to dramatically cut emissions in the electricity sector,” says Diesendorf.

“There is no need to invest in new, expensive, unproven, high-risk, fossil fuel technologies.”

Achieving the rapid and deep cuts to greenhouse gas emissions that will be required to avoid dangerous global warming is expected to be more difficult in areas such as transportation and agriculture than in the electricity sector.

Electricity generation in the Australian National Electricity Market is responsible for about a third of national emissions.

Carbon capture and storage involves capturing the CO2 emitted by fossil-fuelled power stations, compressing and transporting it by pipeline, and burying it in repositories deep underground. Many governments and fossil-fuel industries have argued that this technology will be one of the best options for mitigating emissions from electricity generation.

“However, the technology has turned out to be more complicated and expensive than was initially appreciated. While some small pilot plants have been built, large-scale carbon capture and storage systems for electricity generation still haven’t been demonstrated and appear to be years — likely decades - from possible commercial deployment,” says Diesendorf.

“Meanwhile, renewable energy technologies have been advancing rapidly, both within the Australian electricity industry, and globally.”

— Read more in Ben Elliston et al., Comparing least cost scenarios for 100% renewable electricity with low emission fossil fuel scenarios in the Australian National Electricity Market