Earthquake in Illinois could portend an emerging threat

said a recent re-analysis of data by USGS shows that the New Madrid fault risk is much less than was thought three decades ago. The three notable earthquakes that occurred at the end of 1811 and the beginning of 1812 were not magnitude 8s, rather magnitude 7s. A magnitude 8 is 30 times more explosive than a magnitude 7. “The damage to the region by those earthquakes has been exaggerated,” Wysession said. “St. Louis was here at the time, and all that happened was some chimneys fell in East St. Louis. The little village of St. Genevieve, closer to the fault zone, had no damage at all. But, let’s face it, St. Louis is the biggest city in the region of both faults, and the Wabash Valley Fault is closer to us. If the big one does occur, it’s looking more like it will come out of Illinois.”

Wysession said that the North American Earth’s crust is filled with cracks and faults, and that an earthquake can occur anywhere on the continent. Many of the faults are undetected. “As the continents bang into each other, sometimes they pull apart, and the crust cracks and ruptures, causing earthquakes,” he explained. “This whole region of New Madrid and the Wabash Valley seismic zone became a rift zone about 750 million years ago when the continent almost broke apart. There was a lot of volcanic activity, a lot of seismic activity. The crust got stretched and thinned. By looking at seismometers, we can actually see many of these faults in the thinning of crusts underground.” Wysession said that an earthquake in the Midwest will be felt ten times farther away than one occurring in the western United States because the crust beneath the Midwest is very old, stiff and cold. The rock is about 1.7 billion years old and the seismic waves can travel very long distances through this type of crust. It can be felt hundreds of miles away, even if it was a smaller earthquake. In the western United States, the rock is hotter, and thus it dampens the shock waves and they are not felt as far away.

Despite the fact that most seismologists, including Wysession and Wiens, don’t think it likely that earthquakes ever will be predicted - which inevitably dredges up memories of the 1990 Midwest earthquake scare sparked by Iben Browning - Wysession says that there are some precursory phenomena that have been observed right before some earthquakes. Radon or helium gas may leak out of the ground as the ground cracks. Sometimes water well pressure changes, or there’s a change in the magnetic field. Electrical resistivity changes have been noted, too. “These are changes we can measure with instruments, but we can’t sense them as humans,” he said. “Many people think that animals sense atmospheric changes. You always get stories about Rover going bananas right before an earthquake. But until Rover learns to tell us what he’s barking about, we won’t be able to employ animals in any predictive way.”