ForensicsNew method uses gunshot residue to determine caliber, type of weapon used in crime

University at Albany researchers have developed a method to determine the caliber and type of weapon used in a crime by analyzing gunshot residue (GSR). Using near-infrared (NIR) Raman microspectroscopy and advanced statistics, the new technique may play a pivotal role in law enforcement cases and forensic investigations. The research was highlighted in a recent issue of Analytical Chemistry.

A University of Albany release reports that gunshot residue comprises particles from the parts of the ammunition and firearm that explode or reside near points of explosion including the primer, propellant, and tiny particles of the cartridge case and gun itself. Since residue can be recovered from several locations in the crime scene, it may be utilized for both physical and chemical evidence: GSR establishes that the shooting took place and a person participated in the shooting.

“If a crime is committed that involves a gun, we can examine the gunshot residue to help determine the size and type of ammunition used,” said UAlbany professor of chemistry and lead researcher Igor Lednev. “Then through comparisons and elimination, it is quite likely to determine what kind of a gun was used in the crime.”

Lednev, a member of the White House Subcommittee on Forensic Science, explained, “In the absence of a weapon and discernible ammunition remainders at a crime scene, the ability to analyze and positively identify ammunition and firearms would have a significant impact on the efficiency of a criminal investigation.”

The release notes that the research team combined GSR with Raman spectroscopy, in which laser light of a specific wavelength is shined on a sample, sending its molecules vibrating. Well-suited for forensic analysis, spectroscopy does not destroy evidence, requires limited sample preparation, and has a range of applications including the identification of explosives, paint, textile dyes, drugs, and bodily fluids.

Lednev concludes that more analysis is needed before CSI teams employ the method in a courtroom. One day, investigators might even be able to flip through a database of Raman spectra of different ammunitions to more quickly link that crime-scene residue to a specific kind of gun.

— Read more in Justin Bueno et al., “Raman Spectroscopic Analysis of Gunshot Residue Offering Great Potential for Caliber Differentiation,” Analytical Chemistry 84, no. 10 (13 March 2012): 4334–39 (DOI: 10.1021/ac203429x)